Between Law and Morality: Good Faith in Contractual Obligations – A Legal Analysis – AZOUAGH MERIEM

Between Law and Morality: Good Faith in Contractual Obligations – A Legal Analysis

بين القانون والأخلاق: حسن النية في الالتزامات التعاقدية – تحليل قانوني.

AZOUAGH MERIEM

PhD student at FSJES Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University.

هذا البحث منشور في مجلة القانون والأعمال الدولية الإصدار رقم 59 الخاص بشهر غشت / شتنبر 2025

رابط تسجيل الاصدار في DOI

https://doi.org/10.63585/KWIZ8576

للنشر و الاستعلام
mforki22@gmail.com
الواتساب 00212687407665

Between Law and Morality: Good Faith in Contractual Obligations – A Legal Analysis

بين القانون والأخلاق: حسن النية في الالتزامات التعاقدية – تحليل قانوني.

AZOUAGH MERIEM

PhD student at FSJES Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University.

Abstract:

This article examines the role of good faith in Moroccan contract law, particularly during the performance of obligations. While the law affirms the binding nature of contracts, it also requires that obligations be carried out in good faith, reflecting the importance of ethics in legal relationships. The study highlights how judges may go beyond the literal terms of a contract to include duties derived from custom, equity, or the nature of the obligation.

Focusing on the performance phase, the article explores both the negative behaviours that good faith prohibits—such as abuse of rights or harmful execution—and the positive duties it imposes, especially in areas like consumer protection. Ultimately, the principle of good faith fosters cooperation, balances contractual power, and strengthens legal certainty.

Keywords:

Good faith – Performance – Consumer protection – Abuse of rights

ملخص:
تتناول هذه المقالة دور حسن النية في قانون العقود المغربي، لا سيما عند تنفيذ الالتزامات. على الرغم من أن القانون يؤكد الطبيعة الملزمة للعقود، إلا أنه يتطلب أيضا تنفيذ الالتزامات بحسن نية، مما يعكس أهمية الأخلاق في العلاقات القانونية. تسلط الدراسة الضوء على كيفية تجاوز القضاة للشروط الحرفية للعقد لتشمل الواجبات المستمدة من العرف أو الإنصاف أو طبيعة الالتزام.

مركزا على مرحلة التنفيذ، يستكشف المقال كل من السلوكيات السلبية التي تحظرها حسن النية—مثل إساءة استخدام الحقوق أو الأداء الضار—والواجبات الإيجابية التي تفرضها، خصوصا في مجالات مثل حماية المستهلك. في النهاية، يعزز مبدأ حسن النية التعاون، ويوازن القوة التعاقدية، ويعزز الأمن القانوني.

الكلمات المفتاحية:

حسن النية – الأداء – حماية المستهلك – إساءة استعمال الحقوق

Introduction

The Article 230 of the Royal decree issued on 9 Ramadan 1331 (August 12, 1913), serving as the Code of Obligations and Contracts- which will be referred to as the Civil Code in this article- states that “contractual obligations established correctly take the place of law for their creators, and they may only be revoked by mutual consent or in cases provided for by law” And although, according to this article, the contract is the law for the contracting parties, its proper execution is subject to several elements, some of which are moral. Based on this, as stated in the following article, “Every obligation must be performed in good faith.”

And since the purpose of creating a legal act is to produce its effects, these effects depend on the will of both parties, the creditor and the debtor, to create them, meaning the execution of the obligation arising from this contract, noting that this will is subject to the force of the contract itself. As is well known, legal rules cannot be realized without taking ethical rules into consideration, and perhaps only these can achieve the desired effects. With them, both parties act with their conscience, making it easy to achieve contractual balance between the parties to the legal act, thereby ensuring legal security. Good faith, as a concept, is linked to the stability of transactions and the protection of the parties’ rights, as it achieves a contractual balance between the professional’s circumstances and the other party. And thus, it constitutes a constraint that limits the power of the principle of freedom of will, and obliges the other party to cooperate.

And through Article 231, it appears that the legislator has limited the scope of the principle of good faith to the execution stage without the other stages, knowing that the principle of good faith is centered in all stages of the obligation, and it follows from its inception until its expiration, as it clearly appears during the execution of the obligation. The Moroccan legislator did not define it, but included it in the section related to the effects of obligations in general. And a general principle to be considered as one of the foundational principles of several legal rules governing the law of obligations in general, and the law of contracts in particular.^[1] This establishes the necessity of integrity and honesty based on the element of mutual trust. ^[2] Legal rules cannot be established without considering ethics, and good faith is one of the means used by the legislator to introduce ethics into the legal field. ^[3]

We will attempt to study this principle as a basis for arranging the desired effects on one hand, and as an exception to the binding force of the contract on the other hand, through the effects this principle entails (second section), which we will address after discussing its manifestations (first section).

Section 1: Forms of Good Faith in Contractual Performance

If the Moroccan legislator has limited, according to Article 231, the scope of the principle to execution, he adds that “it is not only bound by what has been declared, but also by all the attachments of the obligation determined by law, custom, or equity according to its nature,” acknowledging the existence of other factors that the judge refers to in determining the scope of the contract, where he does not stop at the intention of the contracting parties alone, but adds what is considered as the necessities of the contract. ^[4]

As an example of this, the ruling issued by the Casablanca Court of First Instance states, “… Among the components of the sale of real estate are the maps, evidence, and documents related to its ownership, which makes the plaintiff’s request for the court to order the defendant to carry out all the necessary procedures to complete the sale legally founded and must be responded to. ^[5]

The contract is executed according to its contents and in a manner consistent with good faith, honourable dealings, and principles of fairness. This entails refraining from any actions that would make the performance of the obligation burdensome and more costly for the debtor. Moreover, the principle of good faith creates an obligation for the creditor to cooperate with the debtor in fulfilling the obligation imposed upon them, and the creditor can be held liable for this. ^[6]

In this, there is an added value to good faith, which is the value of cooperation and contractual solidarity between the parties to the legal relationship, through the absence of execution defects such as intentional errors, fraud, and abuse of rights. In English law, for example, the principle of good faith is an assumed principle, which the parties to the contract must prove through their actions in reality and what is evident during the execution phase. ^[7]

In the context of protecting the weaker party and cooperation as required by good faith in Article 231, the legislator enumerated other obligations in a set of specific legal texts, foremost among them Law 31.08 concerning consumer protection, such as information and protection from abusive conditions. However, we will limit our study to what has been mentioned within the scope of execution, excluding other stages of the legal act’s existence, by presenting what good faith requires as a source and as an effect.

In the first paragraph, we focus on the negative requirements of good faith, meaning what should not be present during the execution of the obligation in terms of actions or behaviours, such as one party deviating from what was previously agreed upon, or executing the obligation in a manner that causes harm to the other party. In the following paragraph, we address what is required to achieve good faith, through the most important legal guarantees for consumer protection, as stated in the Dahir of February 18, 2011, which stipulates measures for consumer protection, such as the obligation to inform and the absence of abusive conditions.

Paragraph 1: Legal Grounds for Establishing Good Faith

If the contract is the law of the contracting parties, they should not deviate from what was agreed upon, and if the obligation in its opposite concept is a personal right, its owner should not abuse its use.

1. Absence of Intentional Fault

The description here applies to both the creditor and the debtor, considering their wills as the basis of the contractual relationship that binds them. And the will in forming the contract must be free from defects of consent, and in execution, it is assumed to be free from intentional error or fraud.^[8]

Contractual error takes on more than one legal form, depending on the nature of the breach committed by the debtor. It may manifest as one of the contracting parties refusing to fully or partially fulfil the obligations they undertook, or it could be in the form of a delay in execution.

The Moroccan legislator referred to intentional error as a crime and defined it when organizing the institution of tort liability, in both Article 77, considering it “any act committed by a person with knowledge and choice, and without being permitted by law”—however, this concerns a contract whose title is the will of its parties and their agreement—and Article 78 “error is the omission of what should have been done, or the commission of what should have been avoided, without the intent to cause harm.” Here, since there was no intent, it became evidence of the doer’s good faith, as if one party provided the other with incorrect information^[9] in good faith and without knowledge of its incorrectness, even if there was a deviation from what was agreed upon, or as if one gave advice^[10] that caused harm without intending to deceive the other party.

Islamic jurisprudence defined error as aggression or transgression, meaning deviation from the usual behaviour of a person or harmful action without legal justification. And its basis in Sharia is originally the lack of verification and caution. ^[11]Definitions in French jurisprudence have varied; some consider it “a breach or violation of a prior legal obligation,”^[12] while others acknowledge it as “a type of breach of the standard of legitimate expectation.” ^[13] Moreover, “a debtor committing a deliberate error is considered to have committed an act known as fraud.” ^[14]

The error remains, as previously mentioned, a breach of an existing obligation between two parties, and when it is intentional, the intent is to harm the other party. In all cases, it is necessary to avoid falling into the prohibited circle and to adhere to caution and vigilance, which is considered a form of good intention. As for intentional error, it is referred to as malicious error because its perpetrator deliberately commits the harmful act with the intent to achieve the harmful result, and here lies the bad faith represented in harming the other party unintentionally. Thus, the mere breach of a legal duty is not sufficient in itself to speak of bad faith unless it is accompanied by the intent to harm the other party.

1. Non-Abusive Exercise of Rights

It has become customary among legal scholars to address the provisions of the theory of abuse of rights when discussing fault as an element of civil liability, due to the connection between the theory of fault and the theory of abuse of rights. This connection has led some scholars to consider cases of abuse as merely manifestations and forms of the theory of fault in general. On the other hand, another school of thought in jurisprudence holds that the theory of abuse of rights is independent of other theories and has its own distinguishing provisions. ^[15]

In its definition, comparative legislations considered it a form of circumvention of the social and economic purpose of the right, ^[16] and a person is not considered to be abusing their right unless they intend to harm others with their action. ^[17]

Spanish jurisprudence recognizes the termination of the right when the abuse of its use begins. ^[18]

The Spanish legislator was clear in prohibiting the abuse of rights in the second paragraph of Article 7 of the Civil Code, stating that “the law does not protect the abuse of rights, as exceeding legal rights to exercise a right with the intent to cause harm, whether through positive or negative actions, whether intentional or resulting from the circumstances of executing the act, entails compensation and the taking of judicial and administrative measures to prevent the continuation of the abuses.” ^[19]

The abuse of rights remained clear in the texts of most of these legislations, but the United States law employed the abuse of rights through other phrases and terms, such as harassment, coercion, bad faith, and economic waste… ^[20]

Abuse of rights has more than one legal aspect, and it can occur in both positive and negative actions. It is also the duty of the creditor or debtor not to abuse their rights arising from the obligation. An example of this can be found in Article 244 of the Civil Code. The abuse of rights has more than one legal manifestation, and it is realized either through positive or negative actions. It is also the duty of the creditor or debtor not to abuse their rights arising from the obligation. An example of this is found in Article 244 of the Commercial Code, which states that if the thing is only specified by its type, the debtor is not obliged to give the best quality of that thing, nor can they give the worst quality. Article A states that if the item is not specified except by its type, the debtor is not obligated to provide the item of the best quality, nor can they provide the item of the worst quality.

Thus, the creditor must accept the average quality of the contracted item, as the creditor cannot demand a higher quality than what was agreed upon, nor can the debtor provide a lower quality than the agreed-upon item.

There is a breach of a legal duty and another ethical duty, the former manifested in harming others and the latter in the bad faith of the abusive party.

And we mention as another example Article 663 of the Civil Code “The rent must be specified.” It is permissible for the rent to be in the form of money, products, food, or any other movable property, provided that they are specified in terms of quantity and type. It is also permissible for the rent to be a common share in the products of the rented item. It is permissible, in the leasing of agricultural land, to stipulate that the tenant, in addition to paying a specified amount of money or a known share of the produce, must perform certain tasks as part of the rent.

In a ruling by the Court of Cassation, it was held that the inclusion in the lease agreement binding the parties of a clause obliging the lessee to use the premises for commercial purposes, and to refrain from engaging in any trade that causes nuisance, noise, or dirt within the premises, implies that, even if the type of commerce permitted in the premises is not explicitly specified, such use is nonetheless restricted by the aforementioned condition. Accordingly, when the trial court considered that the use of the premises for the purpose of welding all types of metals falls within the scope of commercial activities, without examining the lessor’s contention regarding the specific nature of the trade carried out by the lessee — namely, whether said trade falls within the category of activities likely to cause nuisance, noise, and dirt — and when the court confined its reasoning to reliance on the inspection report and the interrogation, although the latter included a description of the activities conducted by the lessee in the premises, the court failed in its duty to ascertain the extent of the harm that may be caused to the lessor or to the leased property. This verification was required in light of the standard established in the lease agreement, which prohibits such activities on the basis of the harm they may cause. ^[21]

Also in Article 125, which states that “the obligor under a suspensive condition may not, before the condition is fulfilled, perform any act that would prevent or make it difficult for the creditor to exercise the rights that would accrue to him if the condition were fulfilled.”

For example, if a property is encumbered by an easement after construction, contingent upon a suspensive condition, the owner cannot build on their land as long as the condition remains, because doing so would hinder the easement holder from exercising their right if the condition is fulfilled. ^[22]

In our study of the above, the signs of bad and good faith emerge. With the presence of both intentional wrongdoing and abuse of rights, the intention of the wrongdoer was bad. However, if these were absent or non-existent, good faith was assumed for both parties.

Paragraph 2: Ensuring Good Faith via Consumer Protection Guarantees

The adhesion contract is the contract in which the element of balance between the parties is disrupted due to economic power or the existence of a monopoly that forces the weaker party to contract with the stronger party.

And thus, it imposes two fundamental obligations on the submissive or weaker party, which are notification and the absence of arbitrary conditions. And it is considered, as in the previous paragraph, to apply to both the formation period and the execution period, and also at the termination stage.

1. Obligation to Provide Information

In the absence of specific consumer laws, Moroccan and comparative jurisprudence continued to rely on ethical principles to recognize legally undefined obligations, with Article 231 of the Civil Code being the foundation in Law 31.08, which establishes measures for consumer protection, the legislator organized the obligation to inform in its second section, from articles 3 to 14. A reading of these texts shows that they protect the weaker party from the stronger and ensure a fair contractual balance.

As for Law 31.08, which stipulates measures for consumer protection, the legislator organized the obligation of information in its second section from articles 3 to 14. A reading of these texts shows that they protect the weaker party from the stronger and ensure an appropriate contractual balance.

Contrary to what was previously mentioned, there are cases where both parties to the contract are in the same position, and one of the applications of good faith in disclosure is adherence to competition and transparency rules, among other things, as indicated by Law 104.12 concerning price freedom and competition.

Disclosure is primarily centered at the conclusion of the contract, as it enlightens the will of one or both parties regarding the subject of the legal act and other matters that follow into the execution phase.

Thus, notification is inherent to the parties, as it allows them to achieve the intended purpose of the legal act and arrange its effects correctly, which is evident through the commitment to cooperation and the exchange of information.

The obligation at this stage of the contract’s life constitutes an extension of the obligation to inform in the pre-contractual stage, especially if it pertains to the same subject matter. ^[23]It is thus considered an obligation of a contractual nature, meaning it arises from the contract, as it pertains to the execution phase. ^[24]

However, unlike the notification during the conclusion phase, the reference in the execution phase is based on the good faith of both parties. ^[25]

This is that Article 231 of the Commercial Code it is obligatory to fulfill obligations in good faith. Therefore, the professional must provide the consumer with accurate and truthful information, consistent with reality, based on their contractual responsibility to disclose the truth and refrain from withholding necessary information that they are obligated to provide to the consumer. This information aims to ensure the safety of the user of the item—the consumer—and enable them to fulfill their obligation properly. ^[26]

This, in addition to warning the consumer about the risks associated with contract execution, which is understood from the continuation of the above chapter, “… And it is not only bound by what has been declared but also by all the attachments of the obligation determined by law, custom, or equity according to its nature.

So, when we want to respect the principles of contractual freedom, the authority of will, and the binding force of contracts, the courts must refer to the obligation of disclosure, which is directly inferred from the principle of good faith stipulated in Article 231 of the Civil Code especially since this provision enables courts to avoid conflicts between the creditor’s right and the debtor’s interest in all contracts, individuals themselves must realize that their goodwill and common interest necessitate a type of cooperation that allows them to succeed in their private projects, which means establishing the “commitment to contract in good faith.” ^[27]

It was stated in a decision by the Nador Court of Appeal as follows: “It is evident from the sales contract concluded between the parties that the defendant sold the plaintiff a piece of land for which he paid the value.” Whereas this land, according to the certificate dated … The land subject to the sale is not suitable for construction because it is a riverbed, and it is not considered the seller’s property because the Dahir of June 17, 1992, concerning subdivisions, prohibits owners from selling any plot of land where construction is prohibited. Since the seller, who was supposed to be aware of the aforementioned condition of the sold plot of land, has deceived the buyer, it is known that an act resulting from fraud is voidable… ^[28]

In a reading of what French law stipulates in the Consumer Code^[29], we find that it refers to the “provision of clear and understandable information, permanently,” which is the same as what Spanish law has established through its requirement for “accurate information to exercise rights correctly.” ^[30]

The purpose of the obligation to inform begins with enlightening the consumer’s will, leading to the proper execution of the contract in a manner that ensures efficiency and safety. Which constitutes a fundamental guarantee for contractual security, whether the contract is between two parties with unequal positions or

between two parties of equal strength.

1. Protection Against Abusive Clauses

The abusive clause is defined in Article 15 of Law 31.08 as “any clause in contracts concluded between the supplier and the consumer that aims at or results in a significant imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract at the expense of the consumer.” This article indicated the clear imbalance caused by this type of condition between the rights and obligations of both the professional and the consumer, to the detriment of the latter, i.e., the consumer.

The following article states that “… The arbitrary nature of a condition is assessed at the time of contract formation, taking into account all the surrounding circumstances and all the other conditions included in the contract. It is also assessed by considering the conditions stated in another contract when the conclusion or execution of the two mentioned contracts are legally interconnected.

As is known, according to the above article, these conditions are of two types: the first type appears during the contract formation stage and is clear through the clauses included, while the second type only becomes apparent after the commencement of the action.

From the above, the elements of economic power and technical superiority of the professional become apparent. The first is in confrontation with the weaker party, while the second is an excessive advantage that the professional gains at the expense of the consumer. These elements create a contractual imbalance.

According to the provisions of Article 19 of the same law, which states that it considers “… The abusive condition included in the contract concluded between the supplier and the consumer is considered “null and void,” and “the other provisions of the contract apply if the contract can remain in force without the aforementioned abusive condition.” Therefore, the consumer contract containing the abusive condition may be annulled if it cannot remain in force without the abusive condition.

And when it became clear that the contract could remain valid with the cancellation of the abusive condition, the contract does not lose its validity, and it remains valid, producing all its legal effects, and only the condition is annulled, applying what is called the reduction of the contract. This is to preserve the contract tainted by a defect that nullifies it from extending the nullity to the valid parts on one hand, and to protect the contracting consumer on the other hand.

As for the conditions stipulated in Article 18 of this law, which the legislator listed by way of example and without limitation, provided that the elements required by Article 15 of the same law are fulfilled, they suggest that the legislator, alongside the discretionary authority granted to the judge, has adopted a limited list of conditions. This list does not depart from the traditional framework of unfair terms that serve the interests of the stipulator or professional, who aims thereby to exempt themselves from bearing warranty or liability, to limit such responsibility, or to retain certain contractual privileges. These privileges enable the supplier to unilaterally amend contract clauses or delivery deadlines at their sole discretion, deprive the consumer of benefiting from warranty periods and litigation deadlines, or obligate the consumer to fulfill their commitments even if the professional fails to perform their reciprocal obligation. Likewise, these include cases where the professional unilaterally decides the fate of the contract voluntarily or terminates the contractual relationship without prior notice. ^[31]

Among the manifestations of abusive conditions related to the execution phase: ^[32]

• Arbitrary conditions related to the borrower’s breach of obligations: Bank contracts often stipulate that the failure of the borrower to pay one installment leads to the maturity of all remaining installments and the demand for them from the borrowing consumer, in addition to other compensations.

And referring to the law We find that he encourages the borrower to include clauses that allow him to terminate the contract and for all installment deadlines to fall due upon the consumer’s failure to pay just one installment.^[33] It is well known that the termination clause is one of the essential clauses in loan contracts offered to consumers.

However, upon reviewing Law 31.08, we found that it has put an end to these unfair conditions, as it stipulated that the demand for the expiration of the term and the remaining installments cannot be made unless it is proven that the borrower has failed to pay three consecutive installments and has not fulfilled their obligations after being notified. ^[34]

• Arbitrary conditions involving imposing excessive compensation on the consumer: Most consumer loan contracts include an obligation on the part of the borrowing consumer to repay the loan amount along with the interest and related fees, in addition to excessive compensation for the damage resulting from the delay in payment.

However, Moroccan judiciary intervenes to mitigate the severity of imposing these conditions, including late payment interest. One of the decisions issued by the Casablanca Commercial Court of Appeal stated the following^[35]: “…” However, although it has been established from the file documents that the appellant provided evidence of an agreement between the two parties stipulating the application of a late payment interest rate set at 2% annually upon the condition of not paying an installment of the agreed loan, these interests are still considered as penalties for non-fulfillment of the contract terms, as they are presumed to cover the damage resulting from the delay in payment. Therefore, they fall within the compensations for which the court has the discretionary power to increase or decrease their value according to the interpretation of Article 264 of the Commercial Code. However, since it has been established from the file documents that the appellant provided evidence of an agreement between the two parties stipulating the application of a late payment interest rate set at 2% annually in the event of failure to pay any of the agreed loan installments, these interests are nevertheless considered as penalties for non-fulfillment of the contract terms. They are presumed to cover the damage resulting from the delay in payment, and thus they fall within the compensations for which the court has the discretionary power to increase or decrease their value according to the provisions of Article 264 of the Commercial Code”.

The judiciary also considers legal interest as compensation for delay. There are many rulings issued by the Commercial Court in Casablanca, including, for example, ruling number 6017 dated April 25, 2012, case number 467/6/2012, which stated: “And since the ruling on legal interest suffices as compensation, as the former constitutes compensation in itself, and since the same damage cannot be compensated twice…”

Thus, the purpose of all the above is to achieve contractual justice, governed by the proper and correct application of the effects of legal acts, through the implementation of the most important ethical and legal principles.

Justice aims to establish equality in every legal act so that the contract does not cause harm to one party for the benefit of the other. In addition to aiming to restore balance and equity in contracts when this balance is disrupted due to the abuse practiced by one of the contracting parties, it can also be used to address the imbalance resulting from the contract’s silence on the accessories of the obligation. Thus, the idea of justice aims to achieve balance and create legal obligations. ^[36]

Section 2: The impact of good faith on the execution of the obligation: adherence to deadlines

From reading Article 231 mentioned above, it is understood that the judge is guided in determining the scope of the contract by the mutual intention of the contracting parties. Good faith is not limited to the obligation of the contractor to take a passive stance by refraining from actions involving fraud and bad faith, but has developed to the extent that it has become the framework and spirit that should prevail in the execution of the obligation, and even in the formation and determination of the contract’s content. ^[37]

And Article 62 of the Civil Code indicates that “….an obligation without a cause or based on an unlawful cause is considered as if it never existed.” The reason is considered unlawful if it is contrary to good morals, public order, or the law. Thus, the basis of the contractual relationship is built on the good faith of the parties.

And it is the same direction in Article 477 of the Commercial Code which states that “good faith is always presumed unless proven otherwise.” In a decision by the Court of Appeal, “the respondents argued under Articles 66 and 67 of the Land Registration Act dated 12/08/13 that the plaintiff’s share in it is that the three mentioned properties have been transferred to Mr. … By a sale contract and its registration in good faith for this sale in those property registers, and therefore, under no circumstances can the annulment of this registration be invoked against him. In accordance with the contrary interpretation of these two articles and the contrary interpretation of the provisions of Article 477, whenever good faith is lacking in the conduct of the transaction or in dealing with it, the validity of this transaction is compromised.” ^[38]

It appears from this that the principle of good faith has a positive effect in terms of the execution period (first paragraph), and the debtor may be granted a deadline or extension to fulfill their obligations (second paragraph).

Paragraph 1: Term for Performance of the Obligation.

The obligation is properly executed when it is done within the granted deadlines for its completion. The Moroccan legislator addressed this in Article 249 of the Civil Code to the regulations of the execution period by referring it to the texts framing the period as a characteristic of the obligation.

The deadline stipulated in the contract must be fulfilled by the parties’ mutual consent in order to be binding on both^[39]. According to Article 127^[40], if a specific deadline is not set, execution must occur immediately unless it is understood from the nature of the obligation, the manner of its execution, or the designated place for its execution. And this is naturally in accordance with the rules of good faith.

Thus, the norm is to specify a deadline for the execution of the obligation. However, the legislator, through the previous article, considered that the lack of a specified deadline makes the obligation due for immediate or prompt execution, unless the deadline is inferred through three legislative criteria^[41], which are as follows:

– The nature of the obligation: For example, a person may undertake in winter to perform tasks that cannot be done until after the season has passed. And as for the obligation of a contractor to supply food from summer resorts that only open their doors in the summer season.

– Method of fulfilling the obligation: For example, a merchant supplies cotton threads to a factory owner and entrusts him to make fabric from them. The factory owner cannot deliver the fabric immediately; he must be given the reasonable time required for the production of the fabric he was entrusted to make.

– The specified place for fulfilling the obligation: For example, if a merchant entrusts a shipping company in Rabat to ship goods and deliver them to a customer in France, it is unreasonable to expect the shipping company to deliver the goods immediately to the recipient in France. Rather, it is necessary to give it the sufficient time required for transporting the goods under normal conditions from Morocco to France. Determining the deadline through these regulations can be considered as an implicit deadline for fulfilling the obligation.

In addition to the above, Article 129 states that “the obligation is void if the determination of the term is left to the will of the debtor, or if it is contingent upon an event that depends on their will.” It may seem strange to talk about good faith when the determination of the deadline is left solely to the debtor. In a decision by the Court of Appeal in Marrakech, “since Article 129 stipulates the nullity of the obligation if it is contingent upon an event that depends solely on the debtor’s will, and since the execution of the obligation in this case is contingent upon the sale of a property whose sale depends on the will of the respondent, the obligation is considered null. Since nullity requires restoring both parties to the state they were in before the contract, it is necessary to order the payment of the requested amount with legal interest starting from the date of the request as compensation for the appellant for the damage caused by not benefiting from their property and the decrease in its value in the market without requesting compensation for delay, as this interest is sufficient to remedy the damage.” Therefore, the contested judgment is incorrect and should be annulled. ^[42]

The deadline for payment plays an important role, especially in commercial life, as the payment time must be respected; otherwise, the debtor bears full responsibility for any delay.

The legislator recently intervened to add a complete legal provision to the Commercial Code through the amendment introduced by Law No. 69.21^[43], dedicated to the deadlines for commercial transactions. Article 78-1 stipulated the obligation to set a deadline for the payment of amounts due between traders. Traders in Morocco must set a deadline for the payment of amounts due in their transactions and notify the payment terms in advance by any means that proves receipt. These provisions also apply to private entities responsible for public facilities and public institutions with regular commercial activities, except for those whose annual turnover does not exceed 2 million dirhams excluding value-added tax.

While the following article 78-2 stipulated that the payment terms for amounts due in commercial transactions are set at 60 days from the date of invoice issuance if there is no agreement, and this can be extended by agreement to a maximum of 120 days. For public institutions, the calculation starts from the date of service inspection. The invoice must be issued before the end of the month in which the service was provided; otherwise, the deadline will be counted from the end of that month. In monthly periodic transactions, the deadline starts from the beginning of the following month. The deadline can be extended to 180 days in specific sectors, by decree, based on professional studies and in consultation with the Competition Council.

Paragraph 2: The Influence of Good Faith on Judicial Grace Periods

The importance of the deadline is that once it arrives, all enforcement measures can be taken by the creditor to obtain their right. If the deadline passes and the obligation is not fulfilled, this constitutes a breach that exposes the debtor to contractual liability.

Article 128, in its first paragraph, states that “the judge may not grant a grace period or consider an extension unless this right is granted by agreement or law.”

Thus, the judge is exceptionally entitled to take the immediate payment of the debt and grant the debtor an extension or a grace period. He may face some economic and social circumstances that prevent him from fulfilling his obligation as required, hindering him from making the payment on time, and he needed another extension.

In another section, paragraph two of Article 243 states, “Judges may, considering the debtor’s situation and using this authority within a narrow scope, grant them reasonable deadlines for fulfillment and suspend collection procedures, while keeping things as they are.”

Judicial forbearance is defined as: “the period granted by the judiciary to the debtor whose debt has matured and who is subject to the creditor’s pursuit,” and it is also defined as “the exemption of the debtor from fulfilling their obligation within the stipulated period and granting them a new period to settle the debt if circumstances require it and the creditor is not harmed by this delay.” ^[44]

The relationship between the two articles mentioned above, Article 128 and Article 243, is one of complementarity. Therefore, the legislator considered that the judge’s intervention in granting the debtor an extension for fulfilling their obligation should be within a narrow scope, as the court must ensure the protection of both the creditor’s and the debtor’s rights. ^[45]

In the same vein, the legislator proceeded in Article 149 of Law 31.08 concerning consumer protection, which states that “notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 243 of the Sharif Decree issued on 9 Ramadan 1331 (12 August 1913) as the Law of Obligations and Contracts, the execution of the debtor’s obligations can be suspended by an order from the competent court president, particularly in cases of dismissal from work or an unforeseen social situation.” And the order may stipulate that the amounts due do not accrue interest during the judicial grace period.

The judge may also determine in the order issued by him the methods of payment of the amounts due upon the expiration of the suspension period, provided that the final payment does not exceed the original due date for loan repayment by more than two years. However, he may postpone deciding on the aforementioned repayment methods until the end of the suspension period.

This extension finds its basis specifically in moral and religious motivations and principles of justice and fairness, as the judicial grace period in most legislations is considered an exception to the principle of pacta sunt servanda.

1. Legal Criteria Governing Judicial Grant of Grace Periods

Article 243 states in its second paragraph, it states that “judges may, considering the debtor’s situation and using this authority within a narrow scope, grant him reasonable deadlines for payment and suspend collection procedures, while keeping things as they are.”

It is legally required, according to jurisprudence, to consider leniency, provided there is no text prohibiting it, taking into account the situation of the good-faith debtor, and granting them reasonable deadlines without causing harm to the creditor.

The change in the financial situation of the good-faith debtor:

The law rewards good faith in the execution of the contract and grants it leniency if there is no negligence or clear neglect in its non-fulfillment, despite the creditor’s notice before filing the lawsuit. In such a case, the judge may rule for the contract’s termination. However, if the breach is minor in relation to the overall obligation, and the debtor, acting in good faith, delays in fulfilling their obligations, the court may refuse the creditor’s request to terminate the contract and grant the debtor an extension to fulfill their obligation.^[46]

Thus, the debtor is considered to be acting in good faith, determined to fulfill the obligation by making an effort and taking the necessary precautions to perform the payment at the due time. The debtor deserving of judicial leniency is the one who has not proven to be negligent or unable to fulfill their obligation or denied it in any way. ^[47]

The necessity of good faith implies that the debtor has not explicitly or implicitly expressed an intention to refuse performance, and that the applicant for the judicial grace period does not actually aim merely to delay in order to gain time, so that their economic circumstances can be taken into consideration. ^[48]
Thus, good faith plays an important role in granting this deadline, even though it is a personal and presumed criterion for both parties to the contract.

In the urgent order issued by the Casablanca Court of Appeal, which rejected the plaintiff’s request to annul the grace period granted by the first-instance court to the defendant for vacating the property, it was considered that the health conditions for finding housing under the required terms justified granting the grace period. Additionally, the refusal to execute, the failure to prove the state of temporary distress and abandonment justifying the sale of the grace period, and the lack of willingness to execute after the required period were reasons justifying the refusal to grant this extension.

In an order issued by the President of the Commercial Court in Casablanca^[49], it was stated, “Whereas it is established from the file documents that the plaintiff has been dismissed from work and it is also established that he is obligated to pay the installments of the loan resulting from the consumer credit.”
And since his dismissal from work constitutes an unexpected social situation that justifies his benefit from the provisions of Article 149 of the Consumer Protection Law…” ^[50]

In a decision stating that “the debtor has the right to suspend the execution of their obligations based on an order issued by the head of the competent court and benefit from the judicial moratorium stipulated in

Article 149 of Law No. 31.08 concerning consumer protection, without accruing any interest during the period of the judicial moratorium in case of being deprived of their salary due to termination of employment.” Or an unexpected social situation. Moreover, the order may specify the methods of payment for the amounts due upon the expiration of the suspension period. And the phrase “the judge may” mentioned in the second paragraph of the aforementioned article refers to the head of the court, as he is the one who issues the orders, not the court of first instance. ^[51]

Considering the creditor’s interest:

The intention here is that the judicial grace period should not lead to the creditor’s insolvency, and therefore, they should not suffer significant harm due to the granted period.

Referring to the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 243 of the Commercial Code we find that the legislator granted discretionary power to judges to grant the debtor an extension, relying on their status and economic and social condition. However, it did not address the creditor’s circumstances and whether they allow for granting an extension to their debtor or not.

The article did not mention the possibility of balancing their situations to favor the worse-off position. Therefore, due to the explicit wording in the text, the court’s task is limited to considering the debtor’s position only. It is required that the damage inflicted on the creditor in the case of granting the debtor a judicial grace period be significant, meaning that minor damage does not prevent the possibility of granting judicial grace. This type of damage is inevitable and assumed, considering that the debtor’s failure to fulfill their obligation when due forces the creditor to resort to the courts to compel the debtor to fulfill their obligation. The time and costs involved in filing the lawsuit undoubtedly cause certain damage. ^[52]

This is the same as what Spanish legislation has established regarding granting the debtor an additional period that takes into account the debtor’s special circumstances, and according to the text’s expression, “to be appropriate to the circumstances.” ^[53]

The absence of a legal provision preventing the debtor from being granted an extension:

As stated in Article 23 of Law 51.00 concerning the lease leading to property ownership, which stipulates that “in the event of the lessee failing to fulfill the contractual obligations related to the advance payment, if applicable, the rent, and the due charges, the president of the court of first instance, acting as the judge of urgent matters, may issue an order to terminate the lease leading to property ownership and evict the lessee who is occupying the property without title or legal basis, as well as cancel the provisional registration referred to in Article 5 of this law.”

The purchasing tenant remains obligated to pay the amounts due along with a compensation of 10% of these amounts.

And also Article 231 of the Commercial Code, which stipulates that no legal or judicial grace period is granted except in the cases specified in Article 196, which outlines two situations: the settlement or judicial liquidation of the drawee or in the case of their cessation of debt payments, and the settlement or judicial liquidation of the bill of exchange holder provided it has not been presented for acceptance, and Article 207, which stipulates the case of force majeure.

The granted period should be reasonable:

When the legislator mentioned in Article 243 granting the debtor moderate deadlines for fulfillment, he did not specify either the minimum or maximum limits for these deadlines, making them subject to the judge’s discretionary authority. This takes into account the existence of the previous conditions, the absence of any prohibitive legal text, and the debtor’s good faith necessitating the granting of these deadlines without causing any harm to the creditor.

And it was indicated in Article 149 of Law 31.08 that the final installment should not exceed the original term set for repaying the loan by more than two years. This is the same as what the French legislator determined through Article 314-20 ^[54]of the French Consumer Code, referring to Article 1343-5 ^[55]of the Civil Code, in the extended terms, setting the maximum limit at two years.

1. Legal Consequences of Granting a Grace Period

When the judge determines the above, granting the judicial grace period results in effects, the most important of which is the suspension of the debtor’s obligation and the possibility for the creditor to initiate precautionary measures. We will suffice to clarify this in the rulings issued by two courts.

Regarding the suspension of the obligation, an urgent order was issued by the Meknes Court of First Instance: “The Court of First Instance ruled to suspend the plaintiff’s obligation to pay the remaining installments due under the real estate loan contract. The order stated: “The plaintiff aims to have his obligations arising from the loan contract he entered into with the defendant suspended. It is established from the file documents that the plaintiff borrowed a real estate loan from the defendant in exchange for a monthly installment of 1323.25 dirhams.

And since the plaintiff was suspended from work as evidenced by the notice dated 2010/6/21, which renders him without a salary and unable to pay the debt installments, and since Article 149 of the Dahir 2011/2/18, which sets out measures for consumer protection, states: “Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 243 of the Sharif Dahir issued on 9 Ramadan 1331/12 August 1913, which is considered the Law of Obligations and Contracts, the execution of the debtor’s obligations can be suspended by an order from the competent court president, especially in the case of dismissal from work or an unexpected social situation. The judge may also determine in the order issued by him the methods of paying the amounts due at the end of the suspension period, provided that the last installment does not exceed the original due date for repaying the loan by more than two years. However, he may postpone deciding on the aforementioned payment methods until the end of the suspension period.”

And since the plaintiff’s suspension from work is an unforeseen social circumstance, it is necessary, in accordance with the aforementioned provision, to suspend his obligations arising from the loan contract with the defendant. ^[56]

As for the creditor taking precautionary measures, a decision issued by the Commercial Court of Appeal in Fez stated the following: “Since the purpose of precautionary seizure is to protect the creditor from the risk arising from the possibility of the debtor’s insolvency and to prevent the latter from disposing of his assets in a manner detrimental to the creditor’s interests, the creditor’s request for a precautionary seizure on the undivided shares of the debtor’s unencumbered property to secure the payment of his debts is not considered abusive, given the extent of the indebtedness on one hand, and because the debtor’s assets are a general guarantee for his creditors on the other hand. Therefore, the order rejecting the request to lift the precautionary seizure is justified and should be upheld.” ^[57]

These conditions remain limited and insufficient to save the contractual situation due to their effects, for several reasons, including those related to sudden changes from a legal and economic perspective, and those concerning the legal status of the texts. Here, we mean that the provisions related to the grace period in the general provisions were not made by the legislator as a matter of public order, and thus they are subject to non-application as an exception.

Not to mention that what Article 149 of Law 31.08 concerning consumer protection stipulates pertains only to the category of loan consumers, making the application of judicial grace periods in Favor of all consumers, particularly distressed debtors, a difficult matter.

Nevertheless, the grace period remains, legally, the most significant aspect that can reflect the ethical dimension of legal rules. And although it is one of the fundamental effects of the principle of good faith, it can, as mentioned above, be an indication of good faith through respecting the new deadlines granted to the distressed debtor.

References

Emmanuel Lévy – Responsabilité et contrat, Revue critique de législation et de jurisprudence, 28, juin 1899

Georges Ripert- La règle morale dans les obligations civile, 4^ème, éd LGDJ 1949

Josseraud J- De l’espoir des droits et leur relativité : Théorie de l’abus du droit ; éd 1939

Joseph Perilla – Abuse of rights a pervasive legal concept: 27 Pac.L.J, 1995

Larry A Dimatteo and Martin Hogg- Comparative contract Law: British and American Perspectives; Oxford, 2016

Marie Rakotovahiny – L’information des contractants – Article publié le 30-04-2019 sur le site : Actu-juridique.fr

Mhamed Segame – Traité de droit civil. Théorie générale des obligations, éd Reckoner, 2022

Rémy Cabrillac – Droit des obligations- Dalloz, 12ed, 2016

Planiol Marcel – Étude sur la responsabilité civile, Revue critique de la législation et de jurisprudence, 1905

Terre François, Smilier Philippe et Lequette Yves – Droit civil : Les obligations, Dalloz, 9eme éd,2005

La Ley General para la Defensa de los Consumidores y Usuarios y otras leyes complementarias.

Code de la consommation français

Code civil français

عبد الرحمان الشرقاوي – القانون المدني: مصادر الالتزام، الجزء الأول: التصرف القانوني، الطبعة السادسة، مطبعة المعرف الجديدة، الرباط، 2019

عبد القادر العرعاري – مصادر الالتزامات، الكتاب الثاني: المسؤولية المدنية، مكتبة دار الأمان، الطبعة السادسة، 2019

عبد القادر عودة – التشريع الجنائي الإسلامي مقارنا بالقانون الوضعي، الجزء الأول، مؤسسة الرسالة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، بيروت، الطبعة التاسعة، 1987

مأمون الكزبري- نظرية الالتزامات في ضوء قانون الالتزامات والعقود: الجزء الثاني، أوصاف الالتزام وانتقاله وانقضاؤه. طبعة 2020

بوعبيد عباسي- الالتزام بالإعلام في العقود دراسة في حماية المتعاقد والمستهلك، المطبعة والوراقة الوطنية، الطبعة الأولى، ماي 2008

محد الكشبور- “نظام التعاقد ونظريتا القوة القاهرة والظروف الطارئة”، مطبعة النجاح الجديدة، الدار البيضاء، الطبعة الأولى، 1993

عدنان إبراهيم سرحان- حق المستهلك في الحصول على الحقائق: المعلومات والبيانات الصحيحة على السلع والخدمات، دراسة مقارنة في القانونين الإماراتي والبحريني، مجلة الفكر، العدد 8 طبعة الكترونية

عبد الرحمان الوهابي – دور القضاء في تحقيق التوازن العقدي، بحث لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون الخاص، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، جامعة عبد المالك السعدي، طنجة، السنة الجامعية 2015-2016

أمينة الكحيحل – تأثير التحولات الاقتصادية على العقد – عقد الاستهلاك نموذجا- بحث لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون الخاص، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، جامعة عبد المالك السعدي، طنجة، السنة الجامعية 2020-2021

عثمان النسناسي – حماية المستهلك من الشروط التعسفية على ضوء القانون 31.08 المتعلق بتدابير حماية المستهلك. بحث لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون الخاص، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، جامعة عبد المالك السعدي، طنجة، السنة الجامعية 2020-2021

محمد شيلح- مبدأ سلطان الارادة في ضوء قانون الالتزامات والعقود، اسسه ومظاهره، رسالة لنيل دبلوم الدراسات العليا في القانون، الخاص، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية الرباط، سنة 1983

نادية أيوب – القواعد القانونية والمسطرية لتنفيذ الالتزام في ضوء ظهير الالتزامات والعقود، المطبعة والوراقة الوطنية، مراكش، 2022

رشيد لمسياح- “حماية المستهلك وفق قانون رقم 31.08 -الفرض العقاري نموذجا-“، رسالة لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون العقود والعبار جامعة محمد الأول كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية وجدة، السنة الجامعية: 2012-2013

عزالدين أيت موسى -“المهلة القضائية في القانون المغربي “، رسالة لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون المدني، جامعة ابن زهر أكادير، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، السنة الجامعية 2014-2015

علي هنانا – “القضاء المدني والقوة الملزمة للعقد” رسالة لنيل دبلوم الدراسات العليا المعقمة في قانون الأعمال

جامعة محمد الأول، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، وجدة، السنة الجامعية 1999-2000

ظهير شريف رقم 1.23.40 صادر في 5 ماي ذي القعدة 1444 (25 ماي 2023) بتنفيذ القانون رقم 69.21 بتغير القانون رقم 15.95 المتعلق بمدونة التجارة وبسن أحكام انتقالية خاصة بآجال الأداء، الجريدة الرسمية عدد 7204- 26 ذي القعدة 1444 (15 يونيو 2023).

ظهير شريف رقم 1.11.03 صادر في 14 من ربيع الأول 1432 (18 فبراير 2011) بتنفيذ القانون رقم 31.08 القاضي بتحديد تدابير لحماية المستهلك

1. Rémy Cabrillac – Droit des obligations- Dalloz, 12ed, 2016, p 114. ↑
2. Mhamed Segame – Traité de droit civil. Théorie générale des obligations, éd Reckoner, 2022, p 193. ↑
3. Georges Ripert- La règle morale dans les obligations civile, 4^ème, éd LGDJ 1949, p 22. ↑
4. الرحمان الشرقاوي – القانون المدني: مصادر الالتزام، الجزء الأول: التصرف القانوني، الطبعة السادسة، مطبعة المعرف الجديدة، الرباط، 2019، صفحة 280. ↑
5. حكم بتاريخ 09-06-08 تحت عدد 1461 في الملف عدد 64/21/08 منشور بمجلة المهن القانونية والقضائية عدد 1 ص368 وما يليها. ↑
6. حكم بتاريخ 22-10-08 تحت عدد 2522 في الملف عدد 2227/06 منشور بمجلة الحقوق المغربية عدد 8 ص222 وما يليها. ↑
7. Larry A Dimatteo and Martin Hogg- Comparative contract Law: British and American Perspectives; Oxford, 2016, p 197. ↑
8. Article 477: Good faith is always presumed unless proven otherwise. ↑
9. Article 82: Whoever provides data in good faith and without gross negligence or extreme recklessness on their part, while being unaware of its inaccuracy, shall not bear any responsibility towards the person to whom it was given:
   – If he or the recipient of the data had a legitimate interest in obtaining it;
   – If he is required, due to his transactions or by virtue of a legal obligation, to transfer the data that has come to his knowledge. ↑
10. Article 83: Mere advice or recommendation does not entail liability for the advisor, except in the following cases:
    – If the advice was given with the intention of deceiving the other party;
    – If, due to his intervention in the transaction by virtue of his position, he committed a grave mistake, that is, a mistake that should not have been made by someone in his position, and this mistake caused harm to the other party;
    – If he guaranteed the outcome of the transaction. ↑
11. عبد القادر عودة – التشريع الجنائي الإسلامي مقارنا بالقانون الوضعي، الجزء الأول، مؤسسة الرسالة للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، بيروت، الطبعة التاسعة، 1987. صفحة 435. ↑
12. Planiol Marcel – Étude sur la responsabilité civile, Revue critique de la législation et de jurisprudence, 1905, p 283. ↑
13. Emmanuel Lévy – Responsabilité et contrat, Revue critique de législation et de jurisprudence, 28, juin 1899, p. 361-399. L’extrait de cet article est reproduit sous le titre « La confiance » dans La vision socialiste du droit, p. 43-94. Site consulté : Carin.info. ↑
14. Terre François, Smilier Philippe et Lequette Yves – Droit civil : Les obligations, Dalloz, 9eme éd,2005, p 561. ↑
15. عبد القادر العرعاري – مصادر الالتزامات، الكتاب الثاني: المسؤولية المدنية، مكتبة دار الأمان، الطبعة السادسة، 2019، صفحة 96. ↑
16. Josseraud J- De l’espoir des droits et leur relativité : Théorie de l’abus du droit ; éd 1939 p292. ↑
17. Avis de Rippert ; Sophie Dumas-Lavenac – Le droit selon Louis Josserand. La revue juridique de l’Ouest, 2015, ps 39 à 53. Consulté sur le site Persee.fr ↑
18. Arturo Muñoz Arangueren : Abuso del derecho y ponderacion de derecho, pagina 37. ↑
19. Articulo 7.2 La Ley no ampara el abuso del derecho o el ejercicio antisocial del mismo. Todo acto u omisión que por la intención de su autor, por su objeto o por las circunstancias en que se realice sobrepase manifiestamente los límites normales del ejercicio de un derecho, con daño para tercero, dará lugar a la correspondiente indemnización y a la adopción de las medidas judiciales o administrativas que impidan la persistencia en el abuso. ↑
20. Joseph Perilla – Abuse of rights a pervasive legal concept: 27 Pac.L.J, 1995 ps 37 to 40. ↑
21. قرار بتاريخ 20/03/2014 تحت عدد 160 في الملف التجاري عدد 950/3/2/12 منشور بنشرة قرارات محكمة النقض، الغرفة التجارية، الجزء 17 صفحة 49 وما يليها. ↑
22. مأمون الكزباري- نظرية الالتزامات في ضوء قانون الالتزامات والعقود: الجزء الثاني، أوصاف الالتزام وانتقاله وانقضاؤه. طبعة 2020، صفحة 50. ↑
23. بوعبيد عباسي: الالتزام بالإعلام في العقود دراسة في حماية المتعاقد والمستهلك، المطبعة والوراقة الوطنية، الطبعة الأولى، ماي 2008، الصفحة 245. ↑
24. عدنان إبراهيم سرحان: حق المستهلك في الحصول على الحقائق: المعلومات والبيانات الصحيحة على السلع والخدمات، دراسة مقارنة في القانونين الإماراتي والبحريني، مجلة الفكر، العدد 8 طبعة الكترونية، ص 19. ↑
25. Marie Rakotovahiny – L’information des contractants – Article publié le 30-04-2019 sur le site : Actu-juridique.fr ↑
26. عبد الرحمان الوهابي – دور القضاء في تحقيق التوازن العقدي، بحث لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون الخاص، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، جامعة عبد المالك السعدي، طنجة، السنة الجامعية 2015-2016، ص 88. ↑
27. أمينة الكحيحل – تأثير التحولات الاقتصادية على العقد – عقد الاستهلاك نموذجا- بحث لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون الخاص، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، جامعة عبد المالك السعدي، طنجة، السنة الجامعية 2020-2021، صفحة 48. ↑
28. قرار رقم 204 بتاريخ 5/03/2002 في الملف عدد 357-00 غير منشور. أوردته أمينة الكحيحل، م.س، ص 49. ↑
29. Article 313-6 du code de la consommation : « Le prêteur assure la disponibilité permanente des informations générales, claires et compréhensible … » ↑
30. Artículo 17 del Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2007, de 16 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley General para la Defensa de los Consumidores y Usuarios y otras leyes complementarias : Sobre la Información, formación y educación de los consumidores y usuarios : « … la información precisa para el eficaz ejercicio de sus derechos … » ↑
31. عبد القادر العرعاري، ن م، ص220 ↑
32. عثمان النسناسي – حماية المستهلك من الشروط التعسفية على ضوء القانون 31.08 المتعلق بتدابير حماية المستهلك. بحث لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون الخاص، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، جامعة عبد المالك السعدي، طنجة، السنة الجامعية 2020-2021، صفحة 68. ↑
33. Article 260 states: “If the contracting parties agree that the contract is terminated upon the failure of one of them to fulfill their obligations, the termination occurs by operation of law upon the failure to fulfill.” ↑
34. Article 109 of Law 31.08 states: “A presumed defaulting party is considered to have defaulted if they have not paid three consecutive installments after their due date and have not responded to the notice sent to them.” ↑
35. قرار صادر عن محكمة الاستئناف التجارية بالدار البيضاء بتاريخ 2009/01/06 في الملف 2008/2070، غ.مذكره عثمان النسناسي، م.س، صفحة 69. ↑
36. محمد شيلح، مبدأ سلطان الارادة في ضوء قانون الالتزامات والعقود، اسسه ومظاهره، رسالة لنيل دبلوم الدراسات العليا في القانون، الخاص، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية الرباط، سنة 1983، ص 806. ↑
37. عبد الرحمان الشرقاوي – الجزء الأول، م.س، ص281. ↑
38. قرار صادر عن محكمة الاستئناف بمراكش، بتاريخ 05/02/15، في الملف العقاري عدد 2847/6/08، منشور بمجلة المحامي عدد 66، ص328 وما يلها. ↑
39. قرار صادر عن المجلس الأعلى بتاريخ 10/12/10 عدد 5129، في الملف المدني عدد 2807/1/7/09، منشور في كتابة المرجع العملي للقضاء محكمة النقض في البيوع العقارية لمولاي رشيد العلوي مبروك، ص115 وما يليها. ↑
40. Article 127: If no specific time is set for the fulfillment of the obligation, it must be executed immediately unless the time arises from the nature of the obligation, the method of its execution, or the designated place for its execution. In this case, the judge determines the deadline. ↑
41. نادية أيوب – القواعد القانونية والمسطرية لتنفيذ الالتزام في ضوء ظهير الالتزامات والعقود، المطبعة والوراقة الوطنية، مراكش، 2022، ص111. ↑
42. قرار لمحكمة الاستئناف بمراكش بتاريخ 27/02/97، في ملف عدد غير مذكور، منشور بمجلة المحامي عدد 31، ص142. ↑
43. ظهير شريف رقم 1.23.40 صادر في 5 ماي ذي القعدة 1444 (25 ماي 2023) بتنفيذ القانون رقم 69.21 بتغير القانون رقم 15.95 المتعلق بمدونة التجارة وبسن أحكام انتقالية خاصة بآجال الأداء، الجريدة الرسمية عدد 7204- 26 ذي القعدة 1444 (15 يونيو 2023). ↑
44. أورده رشيد لمسياح “حماية المستهلك وفق قانون رقم 31.08 -الفرض العقاري نموذجا-“، رسالة لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون العقود والعبار جامعة محمد الأول كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية وجدة، السنة الجامعية: 2012-2013، م.س، ص 111. ↑
45. نادية أيوب، م.س، ص59. ↑
46. عزالدين أيت موسى، “المهلة القضائية في القانون المغربي “، رسالة لنيل دبلوم الماستر في القانون المدني، جامعة ابن زهر أكادير، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، السنة الجامعية 2014-2015. ص 78. ↑
47. محد الكشبور، “نظام التعاقد ونظريتا القوة القاهرة والظروف الطارئة”، مطبعة النجاح الجديدة، الدار البيضاء، الطبعة الأولى، 1993، ص 173. ↑
48. علي هنانا: “القضاء المدني والقوة الملزمة للعقد” رسالة لنيل دبلوم الدراسات العليا المعقمة في قانون الأعمال جامعة محمد الأول، كلية العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، وجدة، السنة الجامعية 1999-2000.ص: 57. ↑
49. الأمر الاستعجالي رقم 917 الصادر بتاريخ 11/10/1997، الملف الاستعجالي رقم 648/19 مجلة المحاكم المغربية العدد 18، ص: 57. ↑
50. صادر بتاريخ 27/06/2016، ملف رقم 2016/8101/ 2016، غير منشور. أورده عبد السلام الهوى- السلطة التقديرية للقاضي في منازعات الاستهلاك على ضوء قانون 31.08 والاجتهاد القضائي- مكتبة دار السلام الرباط، 2019، ص126. ↑
51. قرار صادر عن محكمة النقض بتاريخ 19/06/14، عدد 366، في الملف التجاري عدد 520/3/1/2014. منشور بالمنصة الرقمية لقرارات محكمة النقض. ↑
52. عزالدين أيت موسى، م.س، ص 82. ↑
53. Artículo 66 bis de la ley 3/2014, de 27 de marzo, por la que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley General para la Defensa de los Consumidores y Usuarios y otras leyes complementarias.

    »1. …

    2. Si el empresario no cumple su obligación de entrega, el consumidor y usuario lo emplazará para que cumpla en un plazo adicional adecuado a las circunstancias. … « ↑

54. Article L314-20 (modifié par l’article 4 de l’ordonnance n°2019-964 du 18 septembre 2019) : « L’exécution des obligations du débiteur peut être, notamment en cas de licenciement, suspendue par ordonnance du juge des contentieux de la protection dans les conditions prévues à l’article 1343-5 du code civil… ↑
55. Article 1343-5 : « Le juge peut, compte tenu de la situation du débiteur et en considération des besoins du créancier, reporter ou échelonner, dans la limite de deux années, le paiement des sommes dues… ↑
56. أمر استعجالي عدد 150/30 ملف عدد 966/2012 صادر بتاريخ 12/02/2013. ↑

57. قرار رقم 1066، صادر عن محكمة الاستئناف التجارية بفاس بتاريخ 14-09-2005 في الملف عدد 818-05، منشور في موقع عدالة الإلكتروني. ↑